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Here you will learn about the impacts expected from climate change by the 2050s on heritage, tourism and leisure. The regional section describes the key climate change impacts in the north east region. Duplication between the detail levels has been avoided wherever possible.
Description Tourism: The table below shows direct spending by all visitors (indirect spending of £1.3 billion brings the 2006 total to £3.5 billion).
(Reference: One North East Tourism) During 2006, tourism with a value of more than £40 million opened in the north east, with a further 28 projects under development or discussion with a cumulative value of over £250 million. Heritage:
There are several large stadiums and venues in the north east in addition to many smaller grounds and single stands throughout the region. These structures draw large numbers of people to the area to watch sporting events and concerts.
Impact The number of tourists leaving the UK for the Mediterranean is related to the level of precipitation in the UK the previous summer. Drier and hotter summers are, therefore likely to result in a reduction in the number of people travelling abroad. The potential for increased aviation taxes to reverse the trend for cheap flights abroad and the increase in personal carbon accounting are also likely to reduce the number of people choosing to leave the country for holidays. The increase in extreme weather events, including drought, torrential rainfall and hurricanes combined with the vulnerability of destinations with poorly developed infrastructure and high exposure to natural hazards is likely to deter people from travelling further afield. For these reasons, there is expected to be an increase in the number of people holidaying in the UK, engaging in health, cultural, sports and ‘beauty’ tourism. There is also likely to be an increase in the number of tourists visiting the UK as people from Southern Europe travel north to escape the heat. The projected increases in temperature and reductions in rainfall clearly strengthen the tourism potential of the north east. This is of significant benefit to the local economy but will also put increasing pressure on resources. With respect to the historic resource; historic structures are vulnerable to:
Some adaptive responses to climate change may themselves have an impact on the historic environment. For example, the architectural integrity of some historic buildings could be damaged by the need to provide new and more effective rainwater disposal systems. Heritage attractions and parks in the north east are home to a wide variety of impressive gardens, vulnerable to:
Footpaths and cycleways are vulnerable to erosion, especially in wet weather and through heavy use in peak periods. Much of the existing off-road cycle network is of a design comprising hardcore with shale dusting. This could be susceptible to damage during intensive rainfall events or following heavy use in dry periods and may require more frequent inspection and maintenance regimes. Styles, benches and similar furniture are also vulnerable to increased wear and tear from heavy use and increased wetting and drying. Non-treated fences and dry-stone walls are also vulnerable to damage. Rising temperatures and reduced annual and summer rainfall will result in grassland and moorland becoming tinder dry. Dry areas of woodland will also be at increased risk of wildfires. Where fires are started in urban parklands due to arson or carelessly discarded cigarette buts or in the remote moors and fells due to natural ignition or heather-blazing getting out of control, they will spread much more rapidly. Tackling fires will become more difficult, with an increased threat to life and the environment. Finite fire-fighting resources will be placed under higher demand.
Facilities at visitor centres are at risk of being overwhelmed by a large increase in visitor numbers. Car parks, toilets and shops/cafes may all be affected. Car drivers could become more complacent, leaving windows of vehicles open in car parks. This is likely to increase the number of car-crime incidents. Accommodation currently available for tourists in the region may be unable to cope with any significant future growth in the number of visitors to the area, especially in peak periods. There is likely to be an increased demand for accommodation which may lead to expansion and creation of new hotels, guest houses, camping and caravan sites in the region. Several existing caravan parks are known to be at risk of flooding from rivers or coastal erosion. These are highly vulnerable sites due to the significant personal safety risks to people resident at the sites during times of flooding, and cars and caravans are particularly hazardous as they can be easily picked up and carried along by flood flows causing significant damage to other properties and risk to life. The north east coastline is vulnerable to erosion due to:
Sea level rise will lead to accelerated erosion of the coastline, caused by landward migration of the beaches and dunes, and recession of the sea cliffs. Rising temperatures will result in increased tourism and amenity usage of the beaches and when combined with increased erosion, may lead to development pressures at the coastal margin. Access to some sites, for example the Farne Islands, may be more frequently affected by storms combined with increased sea levels. Stadiums, especially smaller stadiums and single stands, are vulnerable to any potential increase in wind speed and snowfall which would cause increased loading on structures. The playing surfaces are vulnerable to damage caused by drying out whilst many events are vulnerable to cancellation due to wind, rain or snow. Spectators at indoor entertainment venues may be at risk of discomfort during any heat waves brought on by increasing temperatures. Rising temperatures will result in increased abundance and longer survival of midges and ticks which could make some areas less attractive to visitors. In rural areas, there is likely to be an increased tendency for vector borne diseases such as bluetongue amongst cattle, sheep, deer and goats, which may lead to the closure of large areas of countryside to tourists. Such closures would have a significant impact on the tourist industry, as seen across the UK during the 2001 outbreak of Foot and Mouth Disease.
| Northumberland | Tyne & Wear | County Durham | Tees Valley |
Description Key attractions include:
. Other popular attractions in the area are:
Impact
Heritage attractions and parks in Northumberland are home to a wide variety of impressive gardens, vulnerable to:
Footpaths and cycleways in Northumberland are vulnerable to erosion, especially in wet weather and through heavy use in peak periods. Much of the existing cycle network is of a design comprising hardcore with shale dusting. This could be susceptible to damage during intensive rainfall events or following heavy use in dry periods and may require more frequent inspection and maintenance regimes. Styles, benches and similar furniture are also vulnerable to increased wear and tear from heavy use and increased wetting and drying. Non-treated fences and dry-stone walls are also vulnerable to damage. Rising temperatures and reduced annual and summer rainfall will result in grassland and moorland becoming tinder dry. Dry areas of woodland will also be at increased risk of wildfires. Where fires are started in urban parklands due to arson or carelessly discarded cigarette buts or in the remote moors and fells due to natural ignition or heather-blazing getting out of control, they will spread much more rapidly. Tackling fires will become more difficult, with an increased threat to life and the environment. Finite fire-fighting resources will be placed under higher demand. During unseasonally high temperatures in April 2007, a wild fire started near Harbottle, Northumberland, and rapidly spread to engulf vast areas of open moorland. The blaze required the combined efforts of firefighters, soldiers, forestry workers, National Park staff and civilians working on the ground, together with a Sea King helicopter from RAF Boulmer and a private helicopter to douse the flames. Facilities at visitor centres are at risk of been overwhelmed by a large increase in visitor numbers. Car parks, toilets and shops/cafes may all be affected. Sea level rise will lead to accelerated erosion of the coastline, caused by landward migration of the beaches and dunes, and recession of the sea cliffs. The time-window of opportunity for crossing the causeway to Holy Island will be reduced compared to the present day. Particularly affected by erosion will be a number of coastal car parks, golf courses and caravan parks. Rising temperatures will result in increased tourism and amenity usage of the beaches and when combined with increased erosion, may lead to development pressures at the coastal margin.
Description The city of Newcastle-upon-Tyne includes museum and exhibition featuring attractions such as The Discovery Museum, The Centre for Life and Seven Stories. The NewcastleGateshead Quayside is a major tourist attraction for the area and includes:
Stadiums in the region include:
The Angel of the North, Antony Gormley’s iconic sculpture stands in Gateshead. Award winning beaches are found at the mouth of the River Tyne in North & South Tyneside.
Impact
Heritage attractions and parks in Tyne and Wear are home to a wide variety of impressive gardens, vulnerable to:
Stadiums, especially smaller stadiums and single stands, are vulnerable to any potential increase in wind speed and snowfall which would cause increased loading on structures. The playing surfaces are vulnerable to damage caused by drying out whilst many events are vulnerable to cancellation due to wind, rain or snow. Spectators at indoor entertainment venues such as the Metro Radio Arena in Newcastle or the Sunderland Empire may be at risk of discomfort during any heat waves brought on by increasing temperatures. Footpaths and cycleways are vulnerable to erosion, especially in wet weather and through heavy use in peak periods. Much of the existing cycle network is of a design comprising hardcore with shale dusting. This could be susceptible to damage during intensive rainfall events or following heavy use in dry periods and may require more frequent inspection and maintenance regimes. Styles, benches and similar furniture are also vulnerable to increased wear and tear from heavy use and increased wetting and drying. Non-treated fences and dry-stone walls are also vulnerable to damage. Facilities at visitor centres are at risk of been overwhelmed by a large increase in visitor numbers. Car parks, toilets and shops/cafes may all be affected. Sea level rise will lead to accelerated erosion of the coastline, caused by landward migration of the beaches and dunes, and recession of the sea cliffs. Rising temperatures will result in increased tourism and amenity usage of the beaches and when combined with increased erosion, may lead to development pressures at the coastal margin.
Description
The Riverside Complex, Chester-le-Street hosts sporting and musical events and Sedgefield Racecourse is the home of horse racing in the region. The Durham Coast is designated as a Heritage Coast. Much of this coastline is of national and international nature conservation importance, with an attractive landscape of magnesian limestone grasslands, cliffs, pebble and sandy beaches.
Impact
Heritage attractions and parks in Tyne and Wear are home to a wide variety of impressive gardens, vulnerable to:
Stadiums, especially smaller stadiums and single stands, are vulnerable to any potential increase in wind speed and snowfall which would cause increased loading on structures. The playing surfaces are vulnerable to damage caused by drying out whilst many events are vulnerable to cancellation due to wind, rain or snow. Spectators at indoor entertainment venues may be at risk of discomfort during any heat waves brought on by increasing temperatures. Footpaths and cycleways are vulnerable to erosion, especially in wet weather and through heavy use in peak periods. Much of the existing cycle network is of a design comprising hardcore with shale dusting. This could be susceptible to damage during intensive rainfall events or following heavy use in dry periods and may require more frequent inspection and maintenance regimes. Styles, benches and similar furniture are also vulnerable to increased wear and tear from heavy use and increased wetting and drying. Non-treated fences and dry-stone walls are also vulnerable to damage. Rising temperatures and reduced annual and summer rainfall will result in grassland and moorland becoming tinder dry. Dry areas of woodland will also be at increased risk of wildfires. Where fires are started in urban parklands due to arson or carelessly discarded cigarette buts or in the remote moors and fells due to natural ignition or heather-blazing getting out of control, they will spread much more rapidly. Tackling fires will become more difficult, with an increased threat to life and the environment. Finite fire-fighting resources will be placed under higher demand. Facilities at visitor centres are at risk of been overwhelmed by a large increase in visitor numbers. Car parks, toilets and shops/cafes may all be affected.
Description
Large stadiums in the area include the Riverside Stadium in Middlesbrough and the Balfour Webnet Darlington Arena.
Impact
Heritage attractions and parks in Tees Valley are home to a wide variety of impressive gardens, vulnerable to:
Stadiums, especially smaller stadiums and single stands, are vulnerable to any potential increase in wind speed and snowfall which would cause increased loading on structures. The playing surfaces are vulnerable to damage caused by drying out whilst many events are vulnerable to cancellation due to wind, rain or snow. Spectators at indoor entertainment venues may be at risk of discomfort during any heat waves brought on by increasing temperatures. Footpaths and cycleways are vulnerable to erosion, especially in wet weather and through heavy use in peak periods. Much of the existing cycle network is of a design comprising hardcore with shale dusting. This could be susceptible to damage during intensive rainfall events or following heavy use in dry periods and may require more frequent inspection and maintenance regimes. Styles, benches and similar furniture are also vulnerable to increased wear and tear from heavy use and increased wetting and drying. Non-treated fences and dry-stone walls are also vulnerable to damage. Rising temperatures and reduced annual and summer rainfall will result in parkland becoming tinder dry. Dry areas of woodland will also be at increased risk of wildfires. Where fires are started in urban parklands due to arson or carelessly discarded cigarette buts they will spread much more rapidly. Tackling fires will become more difficult, with an increased threat to life and the environment. Finite fire-fighting resources will be placed under higher demand. Facilities at visitor centres are at risk of been overwhelmed by a large increase in visitor numbers. Car parks, toilets and shops/cafes may all be affected. Car crime may increase, particularly at tourist attractions, due to many windows and sunroofs being left open in parked vehicles. Sea level rise will lead to accelerated erosion of the coastline, caused by landward migration of the beaches and dunes, and recession of the sea cliffs. Rising temperatures will result in increased tourism and amenity usage of the beaches and when combined with increased erosion, may lead to development pressures at the coastal margin.
For an overview of the impacts for your local area please click on the list/map below.
Description Alnwick contains five National Trust Sites:
_________________________________________________________________ And four English Heritage Sites:
_________________________________________________________________ Other attractions include:
_________________________________________________________________ There are 59 camping and caravan sites, 265 self catering holiday units and 48 hotels and guest houses in Alnwick. _________________________________________________________________ Impact Facilities such as car parks and toilets may be unable to cope with the increase in visitors. Local access roads, especially narrow roads passing through rural villages, may become congested with an increased volume of traffic. The reduction in rainfall and the increase in summer temperatures will increase the need for watering plants and the lengthening of the growing season will lead to more frequent grass cutting and hedgerow maintenance requirements. Drier summers may make it difficult to maintain traditional and more exotic plants in historic and unusual gardens such as Alnwick Gardens. Camping and caravan sites are likely to experience an increase in demand from visitors to the area as average temperatures increase and summer rainfall decreases. Overcrowding of sites and existing facilities such as shower and toilet blocks and waste disposal sites, which may be unable to cope with any significant growth in users, may become key issues. Expansion of sites could occur in order to increase visitor capacities, although this growth may spoil the nature of the countryside. Erosion of sites both along heavily walked routes and under tents and caravans may become more significant as grass has less recovery time. Self catering holiday homes, camping and caravan sites are frequently located near rivers and may be vulnerable to flooding which would have a severe impact on temporary accommodation. Temporary accommodation near stretches of coast susceptible to erosion is also at risk.
Description Berwick-upon-Tweed contains four National Trust Sites:
_________________________________________________________________ The district also contains five English Heritage Sites:
_________________________________________________________________ Other attractions include:
_________________________________________________________________ There are 63 camping and caravan sites, 207 self catering holiday units and 87 hotels and guest houses in Berwick-upon-Tweed. _________________________________________________________________ Impact Facilities such as car parks and toilets may be unable to cope with the increase in visitors. Local access roads, especially narrow roads passing through rural villages, may become congested with an increased volume of traffic. The reduction in rainfall and the increase in summer temperatures will increase the need for watering plants and the lengthening of the growing season will lead to more frequent grass cutting and hedgerow maintenance. Gardens may need to change their planting programme as the average temperatures increase and the growing season is lengthened. Allowances must be made for an increase in the cost of maintenance of grassed areas, hedgerows and trees. Provision of extra water must be considered for use in dry periods and this could incorporate storing water from increased winter rainfall for use in the summer. Increased visitor numbers present a greater risk of erosion to footpaths, especially those in more exposed locations on the coast. The damage caused by erosion in the summer will then be added to by the expected increase in winter rainfall. Footpaths on steeper slopes, near cliff tops or dune crests and next to rivers, could potentially become unsafe for use. Maintenance of footpaths will become more frequent to keep up with the increase in use. A recent example is the annual Chevy Chase Fell Race which caused extensive erosion damage in the Cheviot Hills, following a particularly wet summer in 2007. Local access roads, especially narrow roads passing through rural villages, may become congested as the existing transport network struggles to cope with an increased volume of traffic. This problem will be at its peak at weekends and bank holidays. Drier, warmer summers are likely to result in wildfires on the heathland of Berwick becoming more widespread. This presents a hazard to walkers and cyclists, who may also increase the risk by littering and discarding cigarette buts. In more remote areas, fire-fighting resources may become stretched, increasing the time taken to respond to life-threatening fires elsewhere. There are water resource issues in Berwick, which is served by groundwater, and in some rural communities which are fed by springs. These could be accentuated with the increased demand placed on the water resource by tourists. Increasing temperatures and reduced summer rainfall may have an impact on the amount of water available. There has not been any damage to the causeway to Holy Island that can be attributable to increased sea level, with the only problems at present during current extreme sea levels being increased silt deposits on the causeway. These events may become more frequent, increasing the demand for maintenance and possibly leading to short term closure of attractions as the island becomes temporarily inaccessible. Flash floods on the Farne Islands have previously caused problems for terns and puffins that nest on and under the ground, respectively. The nesting sea birds are a very popular attraction and if the population were to be reduced significantly, visitor numbers may fall. Boat trips may be cancelled due to extreme wind and wave events. Camping and caravan sites are likely to experience an increase in demand from visitors to the area as average temperatures increase and summer rainfall decreases. Overcrowding of sites and existing facilities such as shower and toilet blocks which may be unable to cope with any significant growth in users, may become key issues. Expansion of sites could occur in order to increase visitor capacities, although this growth may spoil the nature of the countryside. Erosion of sites both along heavily walked routes and under tents and caravans may become more significant as grass has less recovery time. Self catering holiday homes, camping and caravan sites are frequently located near rivers and may be vulnerable to flooding which would have a severe impact on temporary accommodation. Temporary accommodation near stretches of coast susceptible to erosion is also at risk.
Description
_________________________________________________________________ There are 2 campsites and 4 hotels and guest houses in Blyth Valley. _________________________________________________________________ Impact Facilities such as car parks and toilets may be unable to cope with the increase in visitors. Local access roads, especially narrow roads passing through rural villages, may become congested with an increased volume of traffic. Drier summers may make it difficult to maintain traditional plants in historic gardens. The reduction in rainfall and the increase in summer temperatures will increase the need for watering plants and the lengthening of the growing season will lead to more frequent grass cutting and hedgerow maintenance requirements. Camping and caravan sites are likely to experience an increase in demand from visitors to the area. Overcrowding of sites and existing facilities such as shower and toilet blocks which may be unable to cope with any significant growth in users, may become key issues. Expansion of sites could occur in order to increase visitor capacities, although this growth may spoil the nature of the countryside. Erosion of sites both along heavily walked routes and under tents and caravans may become more significant as grass has less recovery time. Self catering holiday homes, camping and caravan sites are frequently located near rivers and may be vulnerable to flooding which would have a severe impact on temporary accommodation. Temporary accommodation near stretches of coast susceptible to erosion is also at risk.
Description Castle Morpeth contains two National Trust managed sites:
_________________________________________________________________ Three English Heritage sites are located within Castle Morpeth:
_________________________________________________________________ Other attractions include:
Formal gardens and historical architectural remains. The site also includes various riverside and woodland walks and a boating lake. _________________________________________________________________ There are 7 caravan sites, 23 self catering holiday units and 12 hotels and guest houses in Castle Morpeth. _________________________________________________________________ Impact Facilities such as car parks and toilets may be unable to cope with the increase in visitors. Local access roads, especially narrow roads passing through rural villages, may become congested with an increased volume of traffic. The reduction in rainfall and the increase in summer temperatures will increase the need for watering plants and the lengthening of the growing season will lead to more frequent grass cutting and hedgerow maintenance requirements.
Description Chester-le-Street includes two English Heritage properties:
_________________________________________________________________ Other attractions include:
_________________________________________________________________ There is a campsite, 3 self catering holiday units and 5 hotels and guest houses in Chester-le-Street. _________________________________________________________________ Impact Facilities such as car parks and toilets may be unable to cope with the increase in visitors. Local access roads, especially narrow roads passing through rural villages, may become congested with an increased volume of traffic. Drier summers may make it difficult to maintain traditional and more exotic plants in historic and unusual gardens such as those at Beamish. The reduction in rainfall and the increase in summer temperatures will increase the need for watering plants and the lengthening of the growing season will lead to more frequent grass cutting and hedgerow maintenance requirements. The Riverside Complex and smaller stadiums are at risk to any potential increases in extreme snowfall which could cause increased loading on the structures. (having the positive effect of reducing the likelihood of roof collapse), severe snowfall events could occur with the expected increase in winter rainfall coupled with severe winter temperatures still below freezing. This is a greater theoretical threat to older structures as modern design codes should sufficiently accommodate any changes expected by the 2050s. Small stadiums and single stands, which are often of older design, in the area are at greater risk. The playing surfaces are vulnerable to damage caused by drying out whilst many events are vulnerable to cancellation due to wind, rain or snow. Cricket is particularly sensitive to the weather so reduced summer rainfall may reduce the number of days play lost to rain at the Riverside Ground. Any increase in temperature is likely to cause more risk to the structure than the users due to the open-air nature of the stadium.
Description There are four English Heritage Sites in Darlington:
_________________________________________________________________ Other attractions include:
_________________________________________________________________ There are 2 caravan and camping sites, 4 self catering holiday units and 31 hotels and guest houses in Darlington. _________________________________________________________________ Impact Facilities such as car parks and toilets may be unable to cope with the increase in visitors. Local access roads, especially narrow roads passing through rural villages, may become congested with an increased volume of traffic. Stadiums are at risk to any potential increases in extreme snowfall which could cause increased loading on the structures. Although snow is expected to decrease through all seasons, severe snowfall events could occur with the expected increase in winter rainfall coupled with severe winter temperatures still below freezing. This is a greater theoretical threat to older structures as modern design codes should sufficiently accommodate any changes expected by the 2050s. Small stadiums and single stands, which are often of older design, are at greater risk. Increased temperatures and reduced rainfall could damage the pitches of sporting venues. Any increase in temperature is likely to cause more risk to the structure than the users due to the open-air nature of stadiums.
Description The National Trust owned site of Ebchester Woods is located along the banks of the River Derwent. Ebchester was the site for the Roman fort Vindomara, the remains of which are still visible. There are 3 caravan and camping site, 15 self catering holiday units and 14 hotels and guest houses in Derwentside. Impact Ebchester may experience a rise in visitor numbers with the increasing average temperatures, especially in summer. The reduction in summer rainfall will also contribute to growing visitor numbers in this peak season.
Description Durham City contains Moorhouse Woods, which is owned by the National Trust. Five English Heritage Sites are found in Durham:
_________________________________________________________________ Other attractions include:
_________________________________________________________________ There are 7 caravan and camping sites, 11 self catering holiday units and 26 hotels and guest houses in Durham. _________________________________________________________________ Impact Any increase in wind speed is only anticipated to be small compared to the natural variability and is unlikely to result in an increase in major damage to the structure of the Cathedral or Castle when compared with the present day. The Cathedral has not recently suffered any major damage attributable to wind and this is expected to continue except in the case of a freak event, though these cannot be mitigated against. The Cathedral and Castle are founded atop a rocky peninsula in the centre of Durham City in a bend of the River Wear. The height of the peninsula means that flooding is not an issue and the movement of the Cathedral’s foundations can be dismissed as it does not lie on shrinkable clay soil. The increase average temperature and in both winter and summer temperature may see the introduction of new wood boring insect species. Termites have been seen to establish themselves in the South West of England, though their presence in the Wear catchment is not expected. An increase in the prevalence of the house longhorn beetle is also being experienced in areas of South West England and London and generally affects the sapwood of most softwoods, especially roofing timbers so its danger to structural timbers in the castle and cathedral is limited. The deathwatch beetle is also currently on the increase. It can survive when the moisture content of the timber is above 14%, with the larvae dying at moisture contents less than 12%. The normal moisture content even in fairly well ventilated roof spaces averages 14-15%, condensation and poor ventilation can significantly increase moisture content and coupled with a central heating system can produce more humid environments thus providing a better environment for wood boring insects. The increase in winter rainfall may lead to more wet rot where water ingress occurs and the higher winter temperatures will mean that the wet rot will be more aggressive. If the timbers wetted during winter do not dry sufficiently during summer then the higher summer temperatures could exacerbate any wet rot. The drier summers are more likely to reduce wet rot problems though, but it may then be that the same timbers are more vulnerable to dry rot during the summer. Outdoor attractions may experience a rise in visitor numbers with the increasing average temperatures, especially in summer. The reduction in summer rainfall will also contribute to growing visitor numbers in this peak season. Facilities such as car parks and toilets may be unable to cope with the increase in visitors. Local access roads, especially narrow roads passing through rural villages, may become congested with an increased volume of traffic.
Description The Durham Coast National Trust site is located in Easington District. This incorporates a dramatic landscape of beaches, cliffs and headlands, with most of the Durham Coast designated a Heritage Coast. Running inland are hidden denes containing remnants of ancient yew and ash woodland. The largest, Castle Eden Dene is a National Nature Reserve while the limestone grasslands of the cliff tops are recognised internationally for their rare plant communities and wildlife. An 11-mile coastal footpath enables visitors to experience the natural variety of this unique coastline and enjoy the spectacular views of Yorkshire and Northumberland coasts. Easington also contains two English Heritage properties:
Other attractions include:
There are 5 caravan and camping sites and one hotel in Easington. Impact Outdoor attractions may experience a rise in visitor numbers with the increasing average temperatures, especially in summer. The reduction in summer rainfall will also contribute to growing visitor numbers in this peak season. Facilities such as car parks and toilets may be unable to cope with the increase in visitors. Local access roads, especially narrow roads passing through rural villages, may become congested with an increased volume of traffic.
Description Gateshead contains three English Heritage sites:
_________________________________________________________________ The NewcastleGateshead Quayside is a major tourist attraction and notably includes:
_________________________________________________________________ Other Gateshead attractions include:
_________________________________________________________________ There are 2 caravan sites and 6 hotels and guest houses in Gateshead. _________________________________________________________________ Impact The Gateshead Millennium Bridge was constructed with large expansion joints and increased temperatures are not forecast to present problems to its operation. However, it is potentially susceptible to flooding as the operating machinery is low lying. The Swing Bridge is more vulnerable to increasing temperatures as the age of the structure and materials allow greater expansion with increasing temperature. In 2005 the bridges was unable to close due to expansion of the structure, leading to congestion around the other Tyne crossings. The irregular shape of the Sage Gateshead is forecast to cause future maintenance problems for the Council. The effect of higher temperatures on materials may shorten its design life. The Angel of the North was designed for a life of 80 years and to withstand wind speeds in excess of 100 m.p.h. It is built from weather-resistant steel, containing copper which oxidises to form a patina on the surface that changes with age. The body of the Angel is hollow to allow for internal inspections and it sits on top of massive steel-reinforced concrete piles anchored into underlying bedrock. The old mine workings on which the Angel sits, were grouted. Aside from intended changes in aesthetic appearance, the Angel is not expected to be affected by climate change although the footpaths allowing visitors to walk around the base of the sculpture may experience similar erosion problems to the parks and gardens. Gateshead International Stadium is potentially at risk to any potential increase in extreme wind speed which would cause increased loading on structures although the design of the stadium should sufficiently accommodate any changes expected by the 2050s.
Description
_________________________________________________________________ There are 2 caravan sites and 21 hotels and guest houses in Hartlepool. _________________________________________________________________ Impact Facilities such as car parks and toilets may be unable to cope with the increase in visitors. Local access roads, especially narrow roads passing through rural villages, may become congested with an increased volume of traffic. The reduction in rainfall and the increase in summer temperatures will increase the need for watering plants and the lengthening of the growing season will lead to more frequent grass cutting and hedgerow maintenance requirements. Camping and caravan sites are likely to experience an increase in demand from visitors to the area. Overcrowding of sites and existing facilities such as shower and toilet blocks which may be unable to cope with any significant growth in users, may become key issues. Expansion of sites could occur in order to increase visitor capacities, although this growth may spoil the nature of the countryside. Erosion of sites both along heavily walked routes and under tents and caravans may become more significant as grass has less recovery time. Self catering holiday homes, camping and caravan sites are frequently located near rivers and may be vulnerable to flooding which would have a severe impact on temporary accommodation. Temporary accommodation near stretches of coast susceptible to erosion is also at risk.
Description
_________________________________________________________________ Middlesbrough contains a camping site and 25 hotels and guest houses. _________________________________________________________________ Impact Facilities such as car parks and toilets may be unable to cope with the increase in visitors. Local access roads, especially narrow roads passing through rural villages, may become congested with an increased volume of traffic. The reduction in rainfall and the increase in summer temperatures will increase the need for watering plants and the lengthening of the growing season will lead to more frequent grass cutting and hedgerow maintenance requirements. Stadiums are at risk to any potential increases in extreme snowfall which could cause increased loading on the structures. Although snow is expected to decrease through all seasons, severe snowfall events could occur with the expected increase in winter rainfall coupled with severe winter temperatures still below freezing. This is a greater theoretical threat to older structures as modern design codes should sufficiently accommodate any changes expected by the 2050s. Small stadiums and single stands, which are often of older design, are at greater risk. Increased temperatures and reduced rainfall could damage the pitches of sporting venues. Any increase in temperature is likely to cause more risk to the structure than the users due to the open-air nature of stadiums.
Description Newcastle upon Tyne contains seven English Heritage Sites:
_________________________________________________________________ Other attractions include:
_________________________________________________________________ Newcastle-upon-Tyne contains a self catering holiday unit and 6 hotels and guest houses. _________________________________________________________________ Impact Facilities such as car parks and toilets may be unable to cope with the increase in visitors. Local access roads, especially narrow roads passing through rural villages, may become congested with an increased volume of traffic. Stadiums are at risk to any potential increases in extreme snowfall which could cause increased loading on the structures. Although snow is expected to decrease through all seasons, severe snowfall events could occur with the expected increase in winter rainfall coupled with severe winter temperatures still below freezing. This is a greater theoretical threat to older structures as modern design codes should sufficiently accommodate any changes expected by the 2050s. Small stadiums and single stands, which are often of older design, are at greater risk. Increased temperatures and reduced rainfall could damage the pitches of sporting venues. Any increase in temperature is likely to cause more risk to the structure than the users due to the open-air nature of stadiums. The weather is an important factor as to whether a horse racing meeting goes ahead or not. Even in bad weather conditions, including snow or pouring rain, races can still go ahead. The two main factors leading to cancellation of a race are fog and frost. If the fog is thick enough to limit a jockey’s vision, or there is frost which will not clear, the course will be deemed too dangerous for the horses and riders and the race will be called off. Frost will continue to occur due to the expected increase in winter rainfall coupled with severe winter temperatures below freezing. Occasionally the wind can have an impact on horse racing. Strong winds during a jump race could be dangerous as the winds could push the horses off balance as they cross jumps. The change in average and extreme wind conditions expected by the 2050s is, however, unlikely to have a significant impact on racing events. The Gateshead Millennium Bridge was constructed with large expansion joints and increased temperatures are not forecast to present problems to its operation. However, it is potentially susceptible to flooding as the operating machinery is low lying. The Swing Bridge is more vulnerable to increasing temperatures as the age of the structure and materials allow greater expansion with increasing temperature. In 2005 the bridges was unable to close due to expansion of the structure, leading to congestion around the other Tyne crossings.
Description
_________________________________________________________________ North Tyneside contains a caravan site, 5 self catering holiday units and 66 hotels and guest houses. _________________________________________________________________ Impact
Description Redcar & Cleveland contains three National Trust properties
The Saltburn Valley Gardens is an English Heritage site within Redcar & Cleveland. _________________________________________________________________ Other attractions include:
_________________________________________________________________ There are 7 caravan sites, 15 self catering holiday units and 32 guest houses and motels in Redcar & Cleveland. _________________________________________________________________ Impact The reduction in rainfall and the increase in summer temperatures will increase the need for watering plants and the lengthening of the growing season will lead to more frequent grass cutting and hedgerow maintenance requirements. Drier summers may make it difficult to maintain traditional and more exotic plants in historic gardens such as the gardens at Kirkleatham Museum.
Description Sedgefield contains three English Heritage properties:
Other attractions include:
_________________________________________________________________ There are 4 self catering holiday units and 7 hotels and guest houses in Sedgefield. _________________________________________________________________ Impact The weather is an important factor as to whether a horse racing meeting goes ahead or not. Even in bad weather conditions, including snow or pouring rain, races can still go ahead. The two main factors leading to cancellation of a race are fog and frost. If the fog is thick enough to limit a jockey’s vision, or there is frost which will not clear, the course will be deemed too dangerous for the horses and riders and the race will be called off. Frost will continue to occur due to the expected increase in winter rainfall coupled with severe winter temperatures below freezing. Occasionally the wind can have an impact on horse racing. Strong winds during a jump race could be dangerous as the winds could push the horses off balance as they cross jumps. The change in average and extreme wind conditions expected by the 2050s is, however, unlikely to have a significant impact on racing events.
Description Souter Lighthouse and the Leas National Trust sites are located within South Tyneside.
_________________________________________________________________ There are 4 caravan sites, 4 self catering holiday units and 49 hotels and guest houses in South Tyneside. _________________________________________________________________ Impact Camping and caravan sites are likely to experience an increase in demand from visitors to the area. Overcrowding of sites and existing facilities such as shower and toilet blocks which may be unable to cope with any significant growth in users, may become key issues. Expansion of sites could occur in order to increase visitor capacities, although this growth may spoil the nature of the countryside. Erosion of sites both along heavily walked routes and under tents and caravans may become more significant as grass has less recovery time. Self catering holiday homes, camping and caravan sites are frequently located near rivers and may be vulnerable to flooding which would have a severe impact on temporary accommodation. Temporary accommodation near stretches of coast susceptible to erosion is also at risk.
Description Stockton-on-Tees contains two English Heritage Sites:
Other attractions within Stockton-on-Tees include:
_________________________________________________________________ Stockton-on-Tees contains a camping site, 8 self catering holiday units and 34 hotels and guest houses. _________________________________________________________________ Impact The reduction in rainfall and the increase in summer temperatures will increase the need for watering plants and the lengthening of the growing season will lead to more frequent grass cutting and hedgerow maintenance requirements. Drier summers may make it difficult to maintain traditional and more exotic plants in historic and unusal gardens such at Preston Hall Museum. The River Tees Watersports centre could be affected by increased winter rainfall leading to faster flows on the river, which may be significant enough to cancel events. Camping and caravan sites are likely to experience an increase in demand from visitors to the area. Overcrowding of sites and existing facilities such as shower and toilet blocks which may be unable to cope with any significant growth in users, may become key issues. Expansion of sites could occur in order to increase visitor capacities, although this growth may spoil the nature of the countryside. Erosion of sites both along heavily walked routes and under tents and caravans may become more significant as grass has less recovery time. Self catering holiday homes, camping and caravan sites are frequently located near rivers and may be vulnerable to flooding which would have a severe impact on temporary accommodation.
Description The National Trust Site at Penshaw is located in Sunderland. Penshaw monument was built in 1844 as a half-sized replica of the Temple of Hephaestus in Athens. 20 metres high and standing 136 metres above sea level, the Monument dominates the local landscape.
The district also contains three English Heritage Sites:
Other tourist attractions include:
_________________________________________________________________ There are 48 hotels and guest houses in Sunderland. _________________________________________________________________ Impact Stadiums are at risk to any potential increases in extreme snowfall which could cause increased loading on the structures. Although snow is expected to decrease through all seasons, severe snowfall events could occur with the expected increase in winter rainfall coupled with severe winter temperatures still below freezing. This is a greater theoretical threat to older structures as modern design codes should sufficiently accommodate any changes expected by the 2050s. Small stadiums and single stands, which are often of older design, are at greater risk. Increased temperatures and reduced rainfall could damage the pitches of sporting venues. Any increase in temperature is likely to cause more risk to the structure than the users due to the open-air nature of stadiums. Camping and caravan sites are likely to experience an increase in demand from visitors to the area. Overcrowding of sites and existing facilities such as shower and toilet blocks which may be unable to cope with any significant growth in users, may become key issues. Expansion of sites could occur in order to increase visitor capacities, although this growth may spoil the nature of the countryside. Erosion of sites both along heavily walked routes and under tents and caravans may become more significant as grass has less recovery time. Self catering holiday homes, camping and caravan sites are frequently located near rivers and may be vulnerable to flooding which would have a severe impact on temporary accommodation. Temporary accommodation near stretches of coast susceptible to erosion is also at risk.
Description Teesdale contains four English Heritage Sites:
Other attractions include:
_________________________________________________________________ There are 30 caravan and camping sites in Teesdale in addition to 100 properties currently in use as self catering holiday and 28 hotels and guest houses. _________________________________________________________________ Impact Camping and caravan sites are likely to experience an increase in demand from visitors to the area. Overcrowding of sites and existing facilities such as shower and toilet blocks which may be unable to cope with any significant growth in users, may become key issues. Expansion of sites could occur in order to increase visitor capacities, although this growth may spoil the nature of the countryside. Erosion of sites both along heavily walked routes and under tents and caravans may become more significant as grass has less recovery time. Self catering holiday homes, camping and caravan sites are frequently located near rivers and may be vulnerable to flooding which would have a severe impact on temporary accommodation.
Description The area contains five National Trust Sites:
Within Tynedale are the English Heritage Sites:
Other attractions include:
_________________________________________________________________ There are 47 caravan and camping sites in Tynedale in addition to 101 properties currently in use as self catering holiday units and around 80 hotels and guest houses. _________________________________________________________________ Impact Facilities such as car parks and toilets may be unable to cope with the increase in visitors. Local access roads, especially narrow roads passing through rural villages, may become congested with an increased volume of traffic. The weather is an important factor as to whether a horse racing meeting goes ahead or not. Even in bad weather conditions, including snow or pouring rain, races can still go ahead. The two main factors leading to cancellation of a race are fog and frost. If the fog is thick enough to limit a jockey’s vision, or there is frost which will not clear, the course will be deemed too dangerous for the horses and riders and the race will be called off. Frost will continue to occur due to the expected increase in winter rainfall coupled with severe winter temperatures below freezing. Occasionally the wind can have an impact on horse racing. Strong winds during a jump race could be dangerous as the winds could push the horses off balance as they cross jumps. The change in average and extreme wind conditions expected by the 2050s is, however, unlikely to have a significant impact on racing events. Camping and caravan sites are likely to experience an increase in demand from visitors to the area. Overcrowding of sites and existing facilities such as shower and toilet blocks which may be unable to cope with any significant growth in users, may become key issues. Expansion of sites could occur in order to increase visitor capacities, although this growth may spoil the nature of the countryside. Erosion of sites both along heavily walked routes and under tents and caravans may become more significant as grass has less recovery time. Self catering holiday homes, camping and caravan sites are frequently located near rivers and may be vulnerable to flooding which would have a severe impact on temporary accommodation.
Description Tourist attractions in Wansbeck include:
_________________________________________________________________ There are 3 caravan and camping sites and 7 hotels and guest houses in Wansbeck. _________________________________________________________________ Impact Camping and caravan sites are likely to experience an increase in demand from visitors to the area. Overcrowding of sites and existing facilities such as shower and toilet blocks which may be unable to cope with any significant growth in users, may become key issues. Expansion of sites could occur in order to increase visitor capacities, although this growth may spoil the nature of the countryside. Erosion of sites both along heavily walked routes and under tents and caravans may become more significant as grass has less recovery time. Self catering holiday homes, camping and caravan sites are frequently located near rivers and may be vulnerable to flooding which would have a severe impact on temporary accommodation. Temporary accommodation near stretches of coast susceptible to erosion is also at risk.
Description There are 42 caravan and camping sites in the Wear Valley in addition to 40 properties currently in use as self catering holiday units and 20 hotels and guest houses. Impact Camping and caravan sites are likely to experience an increase in demand from visitors to the area. Overcrowding of sites and existing facilities such as shower and toilet blocks which may be unable to cope with any significant growth in users, may become key issues. Expansion of sites could occur in order to increase visitor capacities, although this growth may spoil the nature of the countryside. Erosion of sites both along heavily walked routes and under tents and caravans may become more significant as grass has less recovery time. Self catering holiday homes, camping and caravan sites are frequently located near rivers and may be vulnerable to flooding which would have a severe impact on temporary accommodation.
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